binish qadri

The women led
SHGs have positively and effectively developed the utilization and management of economizing and
credit needs, uphold linkages and associations with the banks and put into effect monetary and fiscal
willpower (APMAS, 2003). However, in the contemporary times, self-help groups are not working up
to their capacity and therefore, their role and significance in Growth and Development prospects of
the country in general and agriculture sector, in particular, remain largely invisible. The present paper
argues that self-help groups have multiplied in quantity but not in quality and therefore scrutinizes
collaborating and reactionary elements in SHG’s.
The present study adopted a Mixed Sampling Method for the selection of respondents. Out of
10 districts of Kashmir Valley district, Budgam and Ganderbal were randomly selected. From each
district, a block with the highest rural population was selected purposively. Out of each block, a sample
of 30 was randomly selected, making a total sample size for the study 60.
To analyze the impact of a few selected variables namely total savings, nature, irregularity towards
group savings and a number of beneficiaries on the participation of SHGs in income generation activities,
the present study employed binary logistic regression. In this study, participation in income generation
activities by SHGs has been considered as the dependent variable (defined as 0 if not participates
in income generation activities and defined as 1 if participates in income generation activities). The
following logit model was estimated and binary logistic regression was run: P (Participation in income
generation activities) = 1│x) = Log [Pi/(1-Pi)] = β0 + β1 total savings+ β2 nature+ β3 irregularity
towards savings+ β5 number of beneficiaries+ ε.
Where, y is a binary variable i.e. y = Participation in income generation activities = 0 if not
participates in income generation activities, = 1 otherwise.
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60th Labour Economics Conference
X1 = total yearly savings (continuous).
X2 = nature of a SHG (dummy) = 1 if a group is registered or 0 otherwise.
X\3 = Irregularity towards group savings (dummy) = 0 if there is frequent irregularity towards
group savings or otherwise.
X4 = number of beneficiaries of a SGH per year (continuous).
From the obtained data and statistical analysis, we concluded that the decision of SHGs to
participate in income generation activities is greatly influenced by their amount of savings, nature,
and irregularities in their savings, and number of beneficiaries. Those SHGs who do not participate
in income generation activities face problems of minimal savings, irregularities in savings, are usually
unregistered and show a dismal performance in a number of their beneficiaries. This non-participation
in income generation activities mars their overall efficiency because participation in income generation
deeds has their significance in achieving group goals and thereby, increases the level of group efficiency
and work quality. So SHGs should pay specific attention towards increasing their group savings,
maintaining regularity in their savings and should pay attention towards their registration process, and
by doing this, they can address the problems of their declining efficiency and quality. SHGs should
remember that they have to grow their business on their own and their regular participation in income
generation activities is one of the best ways to carry forward this noble cause.

Kashmiri saffron is facing marketing problems due to its poor quality on account of traditional post-harvest techniques. Technologies are available which can ensure the best quality of Kashmiri saffron, for which it is famous in the world and creation of saffron spice park under national saffron mission is a step forward in this direction. The national
saffron mission is likely to boost the overall saffron production of Kashmir from 15MT to 22MT. (Souvenir Saffron Exporters Brand, 2016). An expansion program in non-traditional areas will further enhance the overall production to about 60MT. Therefore, there is a need to provide the solution to the farmers for the better market which at present is
unorganized. Improving the marketing value chain of saffron with structured marketing channels will definitely increase livelihood security of more than 16000 farm families which are associated with this trade directly or indirectly. The present study is, therefore, an attempt to highlight the problems of marketing of saffron in Kashmir valley so as to
provide remedial measures and benefit the growers as much as possible and encourage their involvement in the saffron value chain.

This paper examines the educational unemployment in Jammu and Kashmir with a focus on causes, consequences and remedies to curb the menace. The Jammu and Kashmir economy’s backbone
is tourism but, unfortunately, this sector absorbs unorganized and unskilled workers, too, so that educational unemployment is peaked and superceding all barriers. Moreover, the state has a decent
literacy rate of 68per cent, with over 6 lakh educated unemployed youth. The major chunk of educated youth is engaged in the government sector, which is the main source of employment here. In Jammu and
Kashmir’s economy, the public sector is dominant engaging almost 80per cent of educated youth.  Put alternatively, a strong public sector is responsible for the high rate of educated unemployment
and it is our endeavour, through this paper, to highlight the main weaknesses of the state economy responsible for chronic educated unemployment. In addition, the present paper will focus on new
innovative schemes on the part of the state government to overhaul the existing economic system, where the schemes envision to use the efficient human resource for gainful productive employment.
Educated unemployed youth, from frustration resort to negative criminal activities. So, by curbing educated unemployment, the state will have a trickle-down effect, and will also restore peace on the political front as well. Development is not possible without peace. The present paper will also focus on the industrial sector of the state of Jammu and Kashmir, both small as well as large scale, and its potential to control educated unemployment. The state has one of the poorest domestic structures
for establishing a strong industrial base. The turmoil in the state involving civil and political issues, lack of electricity, lack of effective human resource and poor road connectivity are some of the essential
factors that are hampering industrial set up. Through this paper, we will explore the potential of this sector to control educated unemployment, and suggest measures and policies on the part of state government establish the strong industrial base. Moreover, the paper will examine the major
causes for the failure of state and centrally sponsored schemes to eradicate unemployment in the
state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Macroeconomic factors such as low inflation, export orientation and low labor taxes help to determine how much employment is created by growth. The relationship between growth and employment is strong and positive which gets enlightened when all macroeconomic policies work in harmony. Indian economy at the time of independence was mainly rural in nature and in a bad state. This was due to the anti-Indian policies of the British Government. The country was engulfed by the vicious circle of poverty and to break this vicious circle Government of India planned in a focused way. The emphasis shifted from agriculture to industry. Also emphasis was laid on increasing role of the state to generate employment and reduce poverty by appropriate macroeconomic policies. However, little was achieved till 1990’s. So the path to long-run economic growth was ensured by introducing New Economic Policy in 1991, which aimed at reducing fiscal deficits, lowering inflation, maintaining exchange rate stability etc. One thing that was obvious  was that under New Economic Policy, the public sector will have a diminished role and will be largely limited to social sectors and non-profit making activities unattractive to the private sector. These policy changes affected macroeconomic policies of the government. Despite these policy changes brought under the New Economic Policy, one feature that still remains an important feature of macroeconomic policies in India is that macroeconomic policies still continue to act more as the control devices rather than as development tools. As a result macroeconomic policies fail to generate additional employment. Macroeconomic policies need to be converted into tools for macroeconomic stabilization (Shah, 2008). There are various constraints in macroeconomic policies which refrain them to act as development tools and thereby increase unemployment levels in underdeveloped economies of the world. The present paper attempts to highlight such constraints and suggest remedial measures.

1960’s witnessed increased academic attention  to brain drain. The first time that concern about emigration of skilled human resources was high was in the 1960s and studies on brain drain reached a peak which concluded that the impact of the brain drain on source countries was essentially neutral and emphasized the benefits of free migration to the world economy. The second wave under the leadership of Jagdish Bhagwati came less than a decade later. Domestic labor market rigidities, informational imperfections as well as fiscal and other types of externalities were introduced to emphasize the negative consequences of the brain drain for those left behind. High skill emigration was viewed as contributing to increased inequality at the international level, with rich countries becoming richer at the cost of poor countries. Later, the issue of brain drain was put to the background by other hot topics. In the mid-90s, the intensification of globalization processes, the increased drive towards technological development and services, and the subsequent demand for skilled human resources in the developed world brought the problem of skilled emigration back into the arena of political debate and it continues to hold the attention and interest of researchers till date.
Brain drain can occur not only when individuals educated in their home country emigrate in search of higher wages or better opportunities, but also when individuals who studied and completed their education abroad do not return to their home country. The first form is arguably worse, because it drains more resources from the home country - the talented individual, the public investment in their education, and his or her future possible positive externalities. In poor countries, brain drain can change the skill structure of the labor force, cause labor shortages, and affect fiscal policy, but it can also generate remittances and other benefits from expatriates and returnees. Overall, it can be a boon or a curse for developing countries, depending on the country’s characteristics and policy objectives.
There are currently more African scientists and engineers working in U.S. than there are in all of Africa according to International Organization for Migration. In Zambia, emigration has reduced the number of practicing doctors from 1,600 a few years ago, to a mere 400 today. The IOM estimates Africa’s brain drain has cost nearly $9 billion in lost human capital and growth potential since 1997.According to the United Nations Population Fund,2006 State of the World Population Report ,Africa only retains 1.3% of the world’s health care practioners. Thus, despite having over a quarter of the world’s tuberculosis cases and 64 percent of the total numbers of people infected with HIV, Africa only has, on average, a mere one nurse per 1,000 people (Shiner, 2008). Keyna used public-private partnership model to combat the trend of brain drain. This model increased Kenya’s health service capacity in rural and underserved areas over the short -term (WHO, 2010). Recent strikes by Kenyan doctors and nurses show that the country still has a long way to go to improving pay and other incentives that encourage health practitioners to stay and work in the country (Dogbey, 2012). Meanwhile, for developed countries, which are often on the receiving end of migration streams, the positive economic gains from immigration are largely the result of the infusion of inexpensive and eager laborers into the economy. In the U.S. and Canada, for example, migrant workers often fill low-wage jobs for which there is not enough local supply of labor, such as in the agricultural and service sectors.
It has been found through research studies on globalization and migration that there has been an exponential rise in the phenomenon of brain drain from less developed countries to more developed countries. The present paper has made an attempt to explain the causes, consequences and remedial measures of brain drain from developing countries. Moreover, it studies the recent trend in brain drain.

The socio-economic effectiveness of infrastructure is a function (depend) of organized markets, institutional commands, and economic systems for the reason that infrastructure is always rooted in government regime which does not mean that it has no private dimension (Homme, 2004). There is a significant and positive relationship between the organized markets, institutional commands, and economic systems in the economy and socio-economic factors of infrastructure. The better the socio-economic factors of infrastructure, the better will be the organized markets, institutional commands, and economic systems in the economy, and accordingly, the better will be the effectiveness of infrastructure and vice versa. We need to bring economic development back into development studies (Fischer, 2019). Similarly, the need of the hour is to bring infrastructure and development connection back into growth and development studies.
Capital encompasses all assets which augment one’s performance to do productive work. For Adam Smith, it is that part of the stock of men which fetches them income. The economics of infrastructure in general and nature of infrastructure, in particular, is rooted in the basics of capital infrastructure. In order to understand the nitty-gritty of the causal pathways between infrastructure investment and development outcomes, we need to understand the economics of infrastructure, physical capital and human capital in particular, and its allied areas.

Since the commencement of a knowledge revolution in the Italian towns in the form of rebirth or renaissance, an enquiry into the nature and cause of knowledge and specialization has been an important focus of scientists and world at large. If we understand the true nature and cause of knowledge and specialization we can maintain the interface among knowledge, a division of labour, and specialization. Blended Knowledge Management should be adopted so as to build communities of practice and simplify communication thereby improving information innovation and distribution. With the result, it provides a huge prospect to broaden professional knowledge. We need to understand the connections among knowledge, a division of labour, and specialization from the functional and Blended Knowledge Management point of view. If we are successful in understanding such an interface we can improve productivity and efficiency levels in the society.

Role of gender in development can be demarcated as the performance, behaviour and approaches, attitudes and outlooks expected from the male and female members of society. It may vary from nation to nation, culture to culture and even in the same country from region to region subject to the well-defined and well-established acuities and perceptions of people in that society. For example, in pastoral, countryside and bucolic societies the gender role of a woman is restricted to household tasks because of women's exclusion from the educational framework, but in an urban environment, gender roles are defined in a different way, since, with better educational prospects and opportunities, women get involved in economic and political decision making. The gender role in a particular society or environment depends upon multiple factors such as viewing platform or outlooks in the society, the frame of mind of people, emotional state of people, value system, philosophies, and the standards which one wants to follow or keep an eye on etc. Existence and go-getting to develop are both, equally, important to achieve a gender role. A speculative and theoretical approach to growth and development is not only a necessary condition but a sufficient condition to understand the evolution and fruition of development and policy.

We need to identify different factors that significantly affect the development and happiness of people and nation at large such as society, environment, economy, polity etc. By measuring and modelling these different factors and aspects, we can evaluate the outcomes of growth and development in order to improve the lives of people. We can measure how countries and communities are progressing and performing through different socio-economic indicators of development. But, such goals are achieved when we have conceptual clarity and fundamental strength of the notions of growth, development, welfare, happiness, and the allied terms together with a good interface among them.

The light of the cognizance is civilized sciences as rightly pointed out by Bediüzzaman Said Nursi. Islam is the light of integrity which comes out of Islamic and Arabic sciences. Settlement and understanding of both natural sciences and Islamic and Arabic sciences establishes and strengthens truth and conviction. The research, scientific temper, knowledge, and skills develop further with the good connection between the two. When natural sciences and Islamic sciences are disconnected, from the former fallacy, delusion, misconception, and superstition is born, on the other hand from the latter corruption, disbelief, cynicism, and skepticism is born. The world is recognizing and should continue to recognize that natural science, scientific temper and scientific essence characterize the most noteworthy contribution of Muslim thought and Islamic philosophy to the European life and culture.

In order to satisfy and justify the aims and objectives of higher education, it is very important to realize a good interface among human development, knowledge, and society. It is very important to use education to endorse philosophical, ideological and moral purity which should be in harmony with stimulating human development, science, knowledge, and creativity. It is also worth noting that even though the traditional aims of education remain acknowledged yet in the context of changes brought with the onset of Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization, the emergence of information and communication technology, and withdrawal of funding for higher education, education in general and higher education in particular is systematically on the global front viewed as comprising of not only public and private models but public-private models, and semi-public systems that make up a multi-institutional, and multicultural or pluralistic system.

Till recent past, higher education in general and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in particular has been fundamentally for all intents and purposes the responsibility of the public sector, both in terms of finance and distribution. On the other hand, with the introduction of economic reforms of 1991, particularly, the process of Globalization, Liberalization, and Privatization, higher education and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector is systematically and carefully on the global front observed as made up of public, private, public-private models, and semi-public arrangements that make up a multi-institutional, multi-sectoral, culturally diverse or multiethnic system. Subsequently understandings and models on higher education have shifted its highlighting and importance from Information and Communication Technology (ICT) or technological proficiency to human resource development for economic development that is participatory and therefore inclusive and sustainable, it is very important to understand the role of human resource and human capital in the process of economic development. It is a supplementary facet to knowledge and learning process that was not previously available. After the commencement of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in schools, colleges, and universities students found knowledge and wisdom in a techno-sound setting more inspiring and thought-provoking coupled with appealing contrary to old-style classroom atmosphere. Therefore, it is very important to promote a more and more techno-sound atmosphere in the country so as to boost the efficiency levels of all sectors and drive the economy on the path of growth and development.

A more spiritual and mystical construal or version of the development of the personality of the individual came as an outcome of socio-political advancements, with the result, liberal education came into being which garnished the notions of education in general and higher education in particular. In the Greek-Roman periods, the education of the able, at liberty, or open man was considered liberal education as juxtaposed to the slave or the craftsperson who serve the world empowering the free intellectuals, the upper class, and aristocracies to dedicate their leisureliness for the growth and development of their cognizance and intelligence. By looking at the feudal social setup of Medieval Europe, we find that the liberal education at the tertiary or higher level consisted of the learning of grammar, language rules, sentence structure, logic, reasoning, and magniloquence or rhetoric, mathematics, particularly arithmetic and geometry, astrophysics, and music. In light of this liberal view of education, we can discover the perception of higher education as a path of learning; the resourceful and innovative practice cum consumption of free time or leisureliness reasonably different from merely providing an approach and way to make a living or improve the standard of living and to develop a responsible citizen (eGyanKosh., 2018).

There is a positive and significant relationship between the size of the society and its knowledge base. The larger and more multifaceted a society is, greater is the knowledge base and vice versa. In a multi-layered and multidimensional society, we are more likely to find that division of labour and specialization thereby more probability of growth and development. The society which is more hierarchal and heterogeneous in nature stretch the kingdom of the division of labor and specialization. Research and knowledge are supplementary in partial terms to society's division of labour which leads to specialization that will lead to an increase in the productivity or efficiency levels of the factors of production. Firms take advantage from economies of scale that have their roots in division of labor and specialization on the one hand and research and knowledge on another hand.

Indian economy in general and Jammu and Kashmir economy, in particular, should promote exports of horticulture crops in general and cash crops like saffron in particular because it will increase agricultural GDP to a great extent. If we won’t encourage production of such crops, we will witness a declining share of agriculture export in the agricultural sector and declining share of agriculture to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). There are different econometric models like Johansen co-integration techniques (Gujarati, 2004), Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL),Vector Auto Regression (VAR), and other forecasting models that allow us to use causal relationships as a good tool of analysis and forecasting, estimating the different types of relationship between economic variables. Through such econometric modeling, econometricians, agricultural scientists, and researchers must try to investigate the relationship of the production and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the context of the agrarian economy in the broad-spectrum and commercial high-value economy in a specific form.

The issue of sustainability in a broad-spectrum and the interface between man and environment in a specific form is very important for growth and development of an agrarian economy in general and saffron agronomy in particular. Earth has an adequate amount of resources to meet the needs of man and environment in the first place and society in the second place but not plenty to satisfy the insatiability of at least one individual. The most popular view of man-environment interaction reflected through sustainability debate comes from Brundtland Report of 1987 according to which the process of economic development which comes across or satisfies the needs of present generation without compromising the needs of future generation is understood to be sustainable development. The boundary or crossing point between man and environment through the path of sustainable development is the capability and skill to use the resources sagaciously, prudently, rationally, judiciously, and maintain their level of equilibrium or steady-state. The debate on Man and Environment and the outlook on sustainability advocates that deep-seated, far-reaching, and pre-emptive administrative guidelines and platforms are prerequisite to realizing economic development that is both socially objective and ecologically sound, and hence on a social basis as well as on ecological basis desirable.
GIAHS Saffron Site Report (FAO, 2012) identified the core reasons behind dwindling state of the saffron industry in our valley, the diminishing returns to production, low productivity, and unorganized market. The main reasons are discoursed such as deteriorations in the quality owing to the adoption of traditional practices or lack of scientific cultivation practices, lack of standardizations, Quality Control, Certification, and, Branding system, asymmetric markets, poor price discovery mechanism and, poor farm gate price (due to presence of large number of intermediaries), and Adulteration.
In light of the above problems and deteriorating state of the saffron industry in our valley, it is very important to develop a jocund relationship with the environment in order to realize sustainable development goals of the saffron agronomy in particular and Jammu and Kashmir economy in general.
The government, agriculture scientists, and other stakeholders need to work seriously to control the harmful activities, especially adulteration, in saffron industry. Furthermore, the concerned authorities at the national and international level must work seriously to control the destructive activities of people of saffron growing villages of Kashmir valley affecting their environment, a naturally specified capital with definite bounds, and acquire ways and means to use the resources judiciously. We have to pay greater attention to conserve our saffron heritage.

Higher education is a multi-dimensional term. It is beyond what is seen and observed. It is more than a practice, manner, progression, and development as it is the sum and substance of improving the standard of living and quality of life thereby enlightening and modeling life for betterment. Henceforward education in general and higher education, in particular, are complementary to the anxieties, apprehensions and, trepidations of the environment and society at large. There are a broad interface and inter-linkage between ethics of a society at a given point in time and the aims of higher education. In the present day, on the other hand, we have embraced certain canons and aims of education like education should develop the all-round personality of an individual: academic, rational, logical, cerebral, scholarly, moral, physical, artistic, and, appealing capabilities. Education should contribute to the welfare and improvement of society in order to achieve the fundamental welfare principle of maximum social advantage and, the utilitarian principle of the greatest happiness of greatest number, economically and socially respectively contingent upon the political and social conditions and their interface thereupon.  It is very important to understand these aims and objectives cum welfare principles in order to interpret them in the desired way and achieve better outcomes that are socially acceptable and justified.

Saffron cultivation has a trickle-down effect which is why it has huge prospects for the state and country as a whole. Due to its high validity and susceptibility to trickle-down theory, it has commenced upon the government and the stakeholders as a way out of some of the major social and economic problems of the state on the one hand and the conceptual clarity of the fundamentals of the saffron economy on another hand.
It has been found that as the size of cultivable land under saffron increases, the production also increases which point towards a positive relationship between saffron production and the size of land holdings under saffron (Qadri, 2018). There is a significant positive relationship between the size of cultivable land under saffron and the socio-economic transformation of the state in general and the saffron growing villages of the valley in particular. Higher the size of cultivable land under saffron, better will be the socio-economic transformation of the state in general and the saffron growing villages of the valley in particular and vice versa (Mir, 1992). This is because there is a positive relationship between the size of landholding and the level of profitability which is one of the important postulate explaining the farm size and productivity debate in Indian agriculture (Amartya Sen As cited by Dutt & Sundharam, 2007). Distribution of Saffron has played an important role in the socio-economic transformation of the state in general and the saffron growing villages of the valley in particular. Previously, the farming of saffron was limited to district Pulwama. Nonetheless, the sensation of saffron being highly location-definite and not exposed to agronomy in other settings in the state has ever since been impassive after saffron was cultivated successfully in uplands or Wudars of Srinagar, Budgam districts of Kashmir province and some homesteads of district Doda. This provides impetus to its huge prospects thereby unraveling an unlimited possibility for area expansion on a large scale in the well-irrigated or well-drained Karewa lands of non-traditional areas accessible in Baramulla, Sopore, Handwara and Kupwara etc. (Nehvi, Koul & Wani, 2008). Moreover, the major saffron growing belts are Maij, Wuyan, Khrew, Konibal, Monipora, Chatadam, LaPora, Androsa, Samboora, Chandhara, Letpora, Kakapora, Shar-Mandekpal, Gundbal, Ledhu of district Pulwama and Hyatpora of district Budgam (Qadri, 2018).
Keeping in view the current dwindling state of the saffron industry in our valley, to achieve balanced growth for saffron agronomy is very challenging. How can balanced growth-rate be achieved with labor-intensive technology? How can the balanced growth-rate be maintained or what are the circumstances or factors for maintaining the balanced growth? How do natural factors put a constraint on the growth rate of the saffron economy? All these questions demand a thorough examination of the saffron agronomy in Kashmir with an all-inclusive critical evaluation of the environment, economy, and society in general and socio-economic development coupled with both inter-village and intra-village analysis of saffron production, distribution, and marketing in particular.

In order to add perceptiveness, insightfulness, seriousness, opinion, and outlook to the participation, knowledge, skill, know-how, capability, and experience of playing the game, there is a group effort or teamwork (Games-to-Teach Team, 2003) between teachers and students (EdTechReview, 2013). We can be lead towards technological, digital, simulated cum cybernetic milieus by the application of good game-based learning methods that have practical implications and spillover effects on the economy in general and education sector in particular. By way of an active, lively, energetic, and operational game-based learning environment we are drawn towards a goal, we vigorously, keenly, and dynamically learn and run-through the voracious way to do things and solve problems. Games keep us very much tied up in active behaviors and dynamic progressions that aid in replicating the virtual environment into real-life situations.
Good game-based learning methods coupled with good video games provide great sparkling experiences for students. Like tales, work of fiction, movies, pictures, drama, plays, and other broadcasting, games in general and video games in particular act as the first-class high-tech tools and resources which a teacher uses to facilitate students to access the set of courses (Matthew, 2016).

In order to bring eco-friendly methods for the management of cultivation practices in Agriculture we need to understand the concept of sustainability, a complex issue associated with producing food while maintaining our biophysical resources including soil, water and biota with no adverse impacts on the wider environment, and provide farmers with eco-friendly measures to cultivation with special reference and emphasis to organic farming. It is equally important to maintain or improve the production of fresh, and hygienic food and develop the quality of backgrounds, which take account of soils, aquatic, environment, and artistic areas. These methods should have minimal impact on the wide environment and be acceptable to society.

Sufi beliefs and poetry in general and philosophy of Saadi Shirazi, in particular, provide the moral and ethical basis of reading for Central Asian Muslims and the Muslims of South Asia, in particular, and the Muslims across the world, in general, depicting his deep down sense of social and moral thoughts. His poems are lessons cum guidelines for the Kings about the art of rule and maintenance of the code of conduct thereby welcoming and appealing human beings to contemplate themselves as parts of one systematized body (Foroughi, 1995). Explaining human body as a system, he viewed humans as inherent parts of that system but when the circumstances of time harm one part of it, the whole system dwindles. Being indifferent about the sorrow of others is the reflection of inhumanity and nothing else. Philosophy of Saadi is not just about Theology but appreciative of empathy and creative account of this indispensable humanistic approach and sensation. When we constantly are in touch with God we develop empathy and build that character which strengthens our faith.

Sufi philosophy and poetry in general and philosophy of Shamas Tabrizi, in particular, are out there what is understood and witnessed for it is not merely about tasawwuf or Islamic mysticism or the construction of mysticism within Islam as a secret facet or element thereby making it the leading indicator and the most significant and dominant outward expression of spiritual and mystic exercise in Islam. It is much more. It is constantly being in touch with God and building that character and repute which interiorize and strengthen Islamic faith and practice (Chittick, 2004). Sufis day in and day out argue that Islam cannot be understood and followed from the outside world but realized within. Sufi beliefs and considerations will attract only those who have a lust for knowledge and see the positive side in everything that makes it easier for people to see the life from a bigger side and realize the divine connection between man and his creator on the one hand and link that love has with life here and hereafter on another hand. In order to understand the construction of mysticism within Islam and the connection of spirituality with the trail of love, happiness or sadness, Sufi thoughts and writings are an essential guide and treat for the senses.

Sufi philosophy and poetry in general and philosophy of Shamas Tabrizi, in particular, are out there what is understood and witnessed for it is not merely about tasawwuf or Islamic mysticism or the construction of mysticism within Islam as a secret facet or element thereby making it the leading indicator and the most significant and dominant outward expression of spiritual and mystic exercise in Islam. It is much more. It is constantly being in touch with God and building that character and repute which interiorize and strengthen Islamic faith and practice (Chittick, 2004). Sufis day in and day out argue that Islam cannot be understood and followed from the outside world but realized within. Sufi beliefs and considerations will attract only those who have a lust for knowledge and see the positive side in everything that makes it easier for people to see the life from a bigger side and realize the divine connection between man and his creator on the one hand and link that love has with life here and hereafter on another hand. In order to understand the construction of mysticism within Islam and the connection of spirituality with the trail of love, happiness or sadness, Sufi thoughts and writings are an essential guide and treat for the senses.

Said Nursi is acknowledged as one of the great Sufi poets of all time. He was a vibrant figure with heretical, eccentric, and unorthodox views on Sufism still have a tremendous impact today. He was very expressive and persuasive in talking about Sufism, Tariqa and its allied areas (Machasin, 2005). Because of his spiritual intellect, he was in a position to find and teach at the same time a way in which human being can reach the reality of faith and conviction which coincides with one’s manners. Therefore, there is a need for adopting ways and means to improve one’s manners which necessitates a paradigm shift from the purely scientific approach to a Sufi approach which has its roots in religion and philosophies of great Sufi Muslim philosophers including Said Nursi. We need to revisit his philosophy and realize the fact that unless and until we have manners we cannot give inner and outer happiness.

Kautilya puts forward an organized, logical, and systematic approach to the art of governance and a sequential order of society in the form of state which exists to secure law and order. He views state for all intents and purposes as a beneficial institution for the protection of human life, social welfare and for the better comprehension and realization of the epitomes of humanity. Through his political thought, there was a guideline and instruction for medieval as well as modern political thought which incorporates modern political notions of the welfare state, fundamental rights and duties, secularism, democracy, and sovereignty. When we go through his treatise and philosophies on the art of polity and economy, we get directly connected with the ways and means to control and power of the state whose ultimate aim is social welfare. The economists, planners and rulers should go through his philosophy and advice while framing and implementing a policy.

Farm size really matters in use of capital-intensive technology and henceforth production and income, but we have got alternatives, choices, and possibilities to tackle or confront this problem as we can go for corporate or community farming, that will not only redesign, restructure, and remodel our agricultural system but also will give a benefit, bonus, and a blessing to the economy. Corporate farming indicates establishments, corporations, and companies that possess or impact agricultural farms and on a large scale. It not only holds corporate ownership of farms and sale of agricultural goods but equally the roles of them in educating farmers and education in agriculture, research and extension. And corporate farming will help in shifting of agricultural labour to other productive sectors and side by side their agricultural income will also increase. Furthermore, the problem of technological backwardness will be solved. We know that around 50% of India's population depends on 18 % of GDP, and that is the main reason why most of the population is poor. Majority of our farmers are marginal, which is the major burden, difficulty, limitation in adopting the technology. Hence, there is a need to focus on these aspects, in order to make ourselves food secure and economically sound and encyclopedic.

The economic, political, and cultural factors and their interactions and interrelations play an important role in determining the internal and international migration. Migration both effects, and is affected by, the growth and development process. That is to say that there is a two-way causal relationship or bi-way causality between migration and the process of growth and development. Migration plays a vital role in bringing changes in the process of growth and development. The discoveries, inventions, innovations, accumulations (growth of technology), diffusions, and adjustments, by which non-technical aspects of culture respond to technology, made the communication and diffusion of innovations and technology possible, thereby making the linkages between migration and the growth and development process relevant with multiplier effect on innovations, technological advancements, ideas, skills and knowledge. With a good interface between migration and the process of growth and development, innovations, technological advancements, ideas, skills and knowledge increase at an unmatched and unprecedented rate thus, making the process of globalization and internationalization relevant and therefore popular and increasing migration coupled with the flow of brain drain.
In modern times, migration and economic development are equally leading and dominant. In other words, in contemporary times, migration is economic development determined and economic development is migration determined, implying that migration spreads as and when economic development takes place and economic development spreads as and when migration takes place. Migration facilitates innovations, technological developments, knowledge, economic growth, and economic development and in turn innovations, technological developments, knowledge, economic growth, and economic development ensure the continuance of migration.
The population is the most important and valuable resource of any nation. Therefore, to understand the complex relationship between migration and development (Robert et. al., 1994; Gould, 2009), there is a need to study the various aspects of migration and population and its allied theories and policies on the one hand and development its allied theories and policies on another hand. Population policies of developed and developing countries and migration policies have distinctive emphasis, prominence, and highlighting, liable to their socio-economic and demographic antiquity (Paul, 2002).

Rumi’s philosophy and poetry are beyond what is seen and observed for it is not merely telling stories that instill, or relate to his deep-thinking moral and religious empathy but his words have been fashioned out to convey somewhat of immeasurable and countless matter. As the Sufis day in and day out argue that this countless matter cannot be studied from the outside but realized within (Arberry, 2000). Rumi thoughts will have appeal to only those who will see the life from a larger perspective and understand the relationship that love and warmth have with life. In order to understand the relationship of spirituality with the path of love, his thoughts and writings are an essential guide.

Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jeelani also called al-Hasani wa'l-Husayni, known by the title of Sheikh-ul-Islam, and widely known as Gous-ul-Azam is the 11th-century Sufi saint, who was undoubtedly a very good orator, a mystic, Hanbali Sunni Muslim preacher, austere, Sayyid, and a theologian. Before bestowing himself to asceticism and spiritual lessons he as a young man developed proficient at the intellectual disciplines of Islam. Al-Ghunyah and Futooh al-Ghayb are his two classic works. He settled in Baghdad in the long run where his addresses and sermons regularly attracted addressees to a great extent (Sufi school.org). Qadri order is named after him (Godlas, n.d.) or he is the founder of the Qadiriyya Order of Sufism (Encyclopedia Iranica). He was appreciated and valued as a great saint by the folks of his times and was recognized as Jangi Dost, the one who loves God (Fadil & Faid, 1997). He sought Sufi guidance from Abu'l-Khair Hammad ibn Muslim al-Dabbas (Ruthven, n.d.). He tells us to listen to our heart and shun our ego for it prompts us to claim of hopeless proclamations and avowals to find the splendor and beauty of this world.
There is a need for the understanding of  Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani’s (r.a) moral way of life for he is not only the person who advocated moral values but practiced them in letter and spirit by way of his sternness in practicing Islam and its pillars and canons. He is one of the top Sufi saints of all times to come. His notions are closer to the Sunnah, and by and large, are based on the Qur’an with a special reference to endeavors of the heart or religiousness. He directs us to ask our creator for a doctor who can treat the diseases, infections, and bugs of our hearts. Consequently, the crux of his religious philosophy is purity of heart. And if we succeed in purifying our heart we may succeed here and hereafter. Therefore, there should be a paradigm shift from material purity to inner purity. This approach is necessary for becoming a pious Muslim. We need to reconsider the religious texts of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani (r.a).

Jammu and Kashmir is highly indebted to Shah-e-Hamadan as far as the development of Islam in the first place, and the development of art and culture in the second place is concerned. He wrote Risala-i-Wujudiyssya, an area for the justification of that principle along with two notes and commentaries on the greatest Sufi propunder of Wahdatul Wajud (unity of existence) Ibn Arabi’s works, “Fusus-al-Hikam” and  “Al-Insan-al-Kamil”. The spiritual philosophies in the present-day South Asia emanated from Shah-e-Hamadan’s writings and lessons.

In modern public-finance literature, many canons or principles have been followed for tax policies, 'ability principle' (Pigou, 1933), 'benefit principle' (Lindahl as cited by Roberts, J, 1989). Under the benefit theory, tax levels are automatically determined and therefore self-loaded, because taxpayers pay proportionately for the government benefits they receive. In other words, the individuals who benefit the most from public services pay most of the taxes (Lindahl model,). The present paper highlights that conspicuous compassion and taxation go hand in hand especially in case of rich people but not in case of poor people and as result in modern societies tax levels are not self-loaded, a claim made by benefit principle. Along with proportionate benefit principle 'conspicuous compassion in favour of rich people' is also in operation in most countries of the world. This paper argues that under proportionate benefit principle with conspicuous compassion in favour of rich, the rich people are gainers as compared to the poor people. Under this principle with compassion in favour of rich, benefits of rich outweigh their costs because rich sections of the society are usually provided with large invisible services by the government such as large tax incentives and rebates. On the other hand, the costs of poor people usually outweigh their benefits because poor sections of the society are usually provided with low or no invisible services, although, they are provided with large visible benefits. But these visible benefits provided to the poor people by the government get distributed among vast section of the population.In this process, the societies end with a highly inequitable distribution of income and a paradox emerges which may rightly called as paradox of evasion-to-evasion. To improve income distribution and to control evasion-to-evasion paradox, the present study advices governments to implement progressive taxation with conspicuous compassion in favour of poor and downtrodden sections of the society. By doing this, those who will benefit more (i.e. poor) will have to pay less taxes as it ensures that large invisible services are to be provided to the poor as compared to the rich and hence the principle can be called as proportionate principle with compassion or simply conspicuous compassion taxation principle.

Tax incentives are more or less role models for boosting both domestic as well as foreign investment. Healthy the tax incentive policies, schemes, and strategies are designed, carried out, and scrutinized, healthy and therefore useful will be the tax system. Tax evasion is very common in underdeveloped economies which is why they must endeavor to observe the costs and benefits analysis of tax system in general and tax incentives in particular, coupled with the virtual and comparative pros and cons of different kinds of incentives, and important deliberations, concerns, and reflections upon scheming, planning, granting and intensive caring of the use of tax incentives so as to boost investment decisions which in turn will generate income on the one hand and increase the productive capacity in an economy on another hand, improve growth and development prospects in an economy.

Professor A.K. Sen, (As cited by Dutt & Sundharam, 2007) summed up the entire debate on farm-size and productivity and profitability in the following three prepositions: 1. Much of the Indian Agriculture seems unremunerated when family labour employed in agriculture is given an ‘‘imputed value’’ in terms of the ruling wage rate in the market.  2. There is a positive relationship between the size of landholding and the level of profitability. The profitability of agriculture, by and large, increases with the size of land holding where the level of profitability is measured by the surplus (or deficit) of output over the cost of production together with the imputed value of labour. 3. There is a negative relationship between the level of productivity and the size of land holding. That is to say that productivity or yield per acre, by and large, decreases with the size of holding. From the first proposition, we come to know that Indian Agriculture to a great extent is unprofitable. The second proposition links efficiency or profitability to farm-size. It explains a liaison between the two. The third proposition seems to contradict the second for it declares that the small farms are preferable on the basis of productivity per acre. Sen’s remarks triggered substantial debate on the subject. In order to understand the relationship between farm-size and productivity, we need to revisit the extensive literature on the same. Moreover, we need to brush up our notions on productivity and technical efficiency with special reference to the size of land holding. Furthermore, we need to understand the agrarian class structure for it will help us to understand the interface between farm-size and productivity level on the one hand and farm-size and profitability on another hand.

Even though the emergence of middle classes in India was a matter of British rule in India but the actual development of middle classes in India is beyond what is seen and observed for it is the product of many processes in general and the process of modernization, economic development and globalization in particular. Introduction of the economic reforms of 1991 and increasing liberalization, globalization, and privatization of the Indian economy carried the Indian middle class into new fame and standing. The process of economic development in general and the process of liberalization, globalization, and privatization, in particular, has also spawned a lot of discussion about the real strength and growth of middle classes in India. Therefore, in order to know the reality, nature, and dynamics of middle classes in India, we need to revisit all these processes and their interrelationships.

In order to bring reforms in the agriculture sector that would actually shape the dynamics of Indian Agriculture, we need to revisit some questions: What do we mean by agrarian social structure? What are the ideas, designs, notions, and formations of agrarian societies? How do agrarian class structures help in the renovations and makeovers in India? After going through these questions we can be in a position to display the notion of class and how it can be applied to study agriculture in general and agrarian societies in particular.

The process of technological novelty and globalization of Knowledge and skills has become complicatedly associated with the globalization of the macroeconomic system. We have actually moved from national undertakings, mostly economic in nature, to more complex international interactions and connections and this demands a policy analysis that integrates systematic knowledge, useful technology, and advancement cum innovation into socially satisfactory and suitable cost-effective strategies (Kar & Roy, 2015). While we would hug the process of globalization and technological innovation, we need to strengthen our institutions and sectors of the economy. It is not wrong to argue waves of globalization not only give a grounding in the development of modern education but upgrade human civilizations and human personality.  It is very important to understand the fundamentals of globalization knowledge and skills because it will develop the society with a far-sighted eye and a strong heart.

The most popular view of micro-credit and micro-finance comes from Muhammad Yunus, a Bangladeshi financier, social entrepreneur, economist, and civil society groundbreaker, who was bestowed with the Nobel Peace Prize for innovating the notions of microcredit and microfinance and setting up the Grameen Bank (The Noble Prize, 2006). Muhammad Yunus and the Grameen Bank were conjointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 for their outstanding determinations through microcredit to drive the economy on the path of economic and social development whose benefits will trickle down to the poor.
Microcredit and microfinance are basically loans which are given to innovators and entrepreneurs who are incapable of meeting the requirements for traditional bank loans and their repayment accomplishment cum success rates are sandwiched between 95 and 98 percent (Grameen Foundation, n.d.). Normally microfinance is comprehended as an approach to renovate and patch-up credit markets and unbridle and improve the productive capabilities of poor people (Hulme and Mosley 1996) who are generally self-employed. In modern-day marketing, a customer is the king of the market. And microfinance would transform businesses of the customers thereby providing physical capital (Yunus, 2016), human capital and social capital which would ultimately raise the income and output levels of the borrowers. Microfinance is beyond what is seen and observed. It is not a narrow term rather it is a multi-dimensional term encompassing not only entrepreneurial but household finance as well because it produces benefits by offering wide series of liquidity for a wide collection of requirements rather than merely increasing income of trade and business (Robert & Jonathan, 2017). It innovated credit markets by paving way for credit contracts, predominantly group lending and lending in installments (Ghatak and Guinnane, 1999).

How we can manage our resources properly? Why do we make choice? How human behavior affect choice and decision making? Why do business corporations and firms face a financial crisis? What is rationality? What is restricted rationality? Why are humans predictably irrational? How governments can reduce their fiscal deficits? How organizations, private or public can help people make superior choices in their lives? Once we reminisce Richard Thaler’s economic thoughts we can find convincing answers to these questions which ran through a common thread of the notions of human behavior and rationality. Furthermore, it can improve the efficacy of fiscal and monetary policy in general and public services in particular.
Nothing is impossible before a good behavior and an effective decision-making provided it is guided by the righteous rationality in the nick of time is what we understand by Richard Thaler’s notions. We can create good outcomes and decisions, can improve wealth, health and happiness by way of good interaction among the resources, whatsoever they may be and time according to the cost-minimization rules. The economic treatise and thoughts of Richard Thaler teach us better human decision making.

Lal Ded played a great role in the reformation of Kashmiri society which at that time was full of superstitions, prejudices, and mores. She preferred silent worship and devotion over and above religious rites, rituals and rigid dogmas for they are the straight path to reach Allah. There is a considerate need for revisiting Lal Ded’s philosophy for she is not only the person who understood the nature and purpose of Islam, enduring the tough times with utter patience, but also openly encouraged moral tenets of Islam through her Vaakhs. It was only after dialogue making with Amir-i- Kabir that she went to the journey of discovery of Allah and found her in her own heart which was as pure as fresh air.

Marcus Tullius Cicero was a very good orator, political figure, and philosopher par excellence. He    became the most extensively read and venerated Roman writer. The period of Renaissance marked the recovery and hence, the glory of Cicero’s political thought and major works. He is best known for his two very famous theoretical works on politics and governance, the Republic and the Laws. His western political thought is extensively used as an optimistic and trustful term to portray the republic and the statesmen of the kind he tailored most superbly in his classic work ‘‘The  Republic’’ which he wrote in 54 BCE (Barham, 2014 as cited by Online Library of Liberty). His works very much influenced the philosophers of the enlightenment period in general and John Locke, David Hume, Montesquieu, and Edmund Burke in particular (Walter: Cicero and the Natural Law).
To learn the art of governance by examining and seeing its fundamental parts and then drawing general implications and extrapolations is a challenging task which requires the vivid idea of state and the public or civic bond, as deep-rooted in the equality and justice. The notion of state coupled with the social or civic bonding was a shared ground across the continuum of ancient political philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010). The key nitty-gritties of every state, new states as well as ancient or complex ones, are moral, virtuous, and noble laws which can be implemented when there is a good interface between citizens and nature or environment. And without a good army, as Machiavelli, father of modern political philosophy says, you cannot have good laws. When we go through Cicero’s thoughts, philosophies and ideas on the duties (Griffin & Atkins, 1991), commonwealth and laws (Zetzel, 1999) we get directly connected with the means and ways to social welfare which is the main area of welfare economics and public finance.

The vision of Alauddin Khilji on the political economy of India, revenue reforms, market reforms, military reforms, and social reforms is a guiding light and a symbol of hope for India falling currently under many macroeconomic problems of income, output and employment. He is undoubtedly one of the great economists until today. In the Indian subcontinent, he was the second and the most influential and commanding ruler of the Khilji dynasty who ruled the Delhi Sultanate. He desired to turn out to be the second Alexander (Sikander-e -Sani), and this designation of his was stated on coins and public prayers. His reforms have practical and functional implications and therefore brilliant. He is among the few to inspect the active working of the polity and economy methodically, logically and systematically. He stabilized and well-adjusted the power between his own appointees and the officers appointed by the Mamluks. He is famous for the consolidation of power. He also augmented the power of the Sultanate's armed forces. His soldiers were gifted with the remuneration in cash and not kind of a year and a half. Happiness is a comprehensive term than economic development. The ‘economic development’ for which the world has been struggling hard for last many periods is capable of providing only material happiness to mankind and it could not attend its non-material part. For economic development happiness is a sine-qua-non. Ziauddin Barani wrote that Alauddin's first year as the Sultan was the happiest year that the people of Delhi had ever seen (Saksena, 1992).
The reforms of Alauddin Khilji helped the then economy and polity in many ways, whose usefulness and efficacy was a cause of sensation and guidelines to the generations. His capability to control market prices effectively made him a hero in the eyes of the world in general and Islamic world in particular and many rulers after him were able to control market prices effectively. Economics is a scientific enquiry conducted by economists with a purpose to know the origin, development, change, and fall of the economy. History is witness to the fact that the rise and fall of economies is a matter of how they consider their economic and political factors in the general and political economy in particular. All those economies are underdeveloped who had a bad political economy because they neglected their political and economic factors in the policy making. Underdeveloped economies in general and Islamic world in particular, must revisit the reforms of great rulers in general and Alauddin Khilji in particular so as to correct their political economy and decide their social, political and economic teething troubles.

There is a considerate need for revisiting Shah-e-Hamadan’s religious philosophy for he is not only the person who followed Islam by letter and spirit but also openly advocated moral values of Islam and its principles. Philosophy is an inquiry for truth conducted by philosophers with a purpose to know the way and attitude of life. It is witness to the fact that the rise and fall of civilizations is a matter of how they consider their religious philosophy together with social, cultural, political, and economic factors. All those nations had a fall who neglected the role of religion and the religious philosophies of its great leaders. Underdeveloped nations in general and South Asian nations, in particular, must revisit the religious philosophy of Shah-e-Hamadan in order to resolve their social, religious, cultural, political and economic problems. The people of the Muslim world are likely to rise against the covetous, greedy and immoral set-ups which the advanced countries especially Uncle Sam (United States of America) have developed and enforced on the less advanced countries, particularly South Asia if they follow the footsteps of great Muslim leaders. And for that matter, we need to do an extensive literature review of the saints and Sufis, who went to far-off places for preaching Islam and spread their faith through precept and example.

The form of the market power is likely to manifest in larger marketing margins than would otherwise be the case. Basically, they tried to build a relationship between the form of market power and the marketing margins and concluded that the larger marketing margins reflect the larger market power and domination of middlemen (Gordon & Hazledine, 1996). The study by Gardner (1975) provided a basic structure for analysing marketing margins. It defined the major sources of variation in the retail-farm price spread, i.e., shifts in the retail food demand, shifts in the farm product supply, or shifts in the supply of marketing services. An increase in marketing costs and the level of farm output reduces the percentage marketing margin (Heien, 1977). 
A priori knowledge of marketing efficiency, marketing costs and, marketing margins is very essential for those involved in marketing. Companies and producers aiming to produce commercial high-value crops, final goods and services, and increase profits should not only look for production costs but marketing costs as well. Marketing costs, margins and price spread are the tools for checking the profitability of intermediaries involved in moving goods from the producers to end users. The market analysts who constantly aim at monitoring the marketing efficiency need to have a mental grasp of marketing fundamentals in general and marketing costs, margins and price spread in particular.

Modem world embraces large-scale developments, industrialization, urbanization and creation of large cities, metropolitan in particular, new social stratifications, rise of new social groups and classes, for example, new working classes and capitalist farmer class especially after green revolution, wearing away old-style communities and their replacement by a new-style mass society, and  fall in the grip of religion as the fundamental authority in all aspects of social life, politics and governance. It is very important to note that all the changes in society- social, economic, and political are interrelated to each other and in the modern societies, not all these changes have become fully operational in the entire world. For example, the process of democracy, secularization, falling grip of religion, industrialization, and the individualization may be sluggish in some parts than in some others. In backward areas of the present day world, these characteristics would be in the limelight and eye-catching by their absence. For that reason, it is indispensable to look upon the nature and dynamics of Modern World, not as a worldwide, collective, and necessary condition, but somewhat as a shared classical model.

Investment in social capital and human capital is the need of the hour because it can remove many of the weaknesses of the agriculture sector in general and agriculture marketing in particular. Furthermore, it can remove many of the weaknesses of the labour  market that act as stumbling block to higher production and productivity levels (yield per hectare), such as, low level of education and training, poor health system, rigidity, unyieldingness, inflexibility, and  non-receptiveness to new technology, innovations, new knowledge, confrontation and opposition to change. Improvements in the social system, health system, and education system always consistently culminate to higher productivity levels in the economy. As social capital and human capital largely affect these systems, therefore, it is very important to invest in social capital and human capital so as to drive the economy on the path of economic development.

The crux of sheikh’s lessons through his poetry is that environment should be protected, cared, nurtured and not devastated or destroyed.  He never tolerated any destruction in the direction of environment and mankind.
There is a need for the understanding of Sheikh ul-Alam’s (R.A.) moral philosophy for he is not only the person who advocated moral values but practised them as well by way of his austerity in practising Islam and its principles and simple way of life. He followed a natural system of ethics coupled with Islamic system (Fazili, 2009). Therefore, there is should be a paradigm shift from logical based approach to nature-based approach for understanding Sufism and their philosophy which has its roots in religion. We need to reexamine the religious texts of Sufis and Rishis. We need to make our faith very strong enough by understanding the metaphysical outlook of different religions which Sufism and Rishiyat had to come across in its path of growth and development (Shah, 2009).

Machiavelli proposes a systematic, logical, and scientific approach to the art of statecraft, which has many advantages. Through his political thought, there was entry of modern political thought which incorporates modern political notions of secularism, open-mindedness, patience, the importance of rights, individual contentment and happiness, freedom, popular sovereignty, representative government, international peace, and cooperation etc. (Article 1000.com). He views politics not as a natural phenomenon but as a man-made craft, with planning and organization first, and then makes tentative theories and recommendations for statecraft and diplomacy. His notion of The Prince helps in the explanation of what is characteristic and distinct about our experience and understanding of the art of governance. Politics is derivative, thereby meaning that it invites us to envisage its subject-matter as factual and genuine while admitting that it is, in fact, detached with ethics.
When we go through Machiavelli’s thoughts, philosophies and ideas on the art of statecraft, we get directly connected with the means and end to power in general and state power in particular, for the end always justifies the means. He argues that "it is better to be feared than loved" and that "the appearance of virtue" is more imperative than virtue itself. War preparations should be the primary occupation of a leader, and that perpetual, pro-active action is indispensable to avert others from taking hold of power. There is an analogy between Thucydides and Machiavelli since both emphasized power politics (Paul Anthony, 2008).
According to Machiavelli persuasion is an art and a ruler has to use it craftily and cleverly. He says that a ruler should have the qualities of a lion and a fox. He should be as powerful as a lion and as clever as a fox. Education is an important tool of persuasion, economic growth and, development and gains standing in all times. He quotes that ‘‘the one who adapts his policy to the times prospers, and likewise that the one whose policy clashes with the demands of the times does not.’’  He insists on the importance and superiority of the time element in the success of the policy because the policy is in the long run what we can learn from the demands of the time. Political thought is a continuous process and it is very important to draw a line of demarcation between the classical political thought and modern political thought whose foundation is laid down by Machiavelli in the real sense. If the rulers of the present day world go through Western Political Thought, especially, Modern Political Thought of Machiavelli, they can rule well.

Gender identity is constructed on a social basis and the perception of gender turns out to be dominant to our understanding of the nature and causes of gender identity and women’s personification in the ordinary business of life. Gender identity is not stationary and unchallengeable rather it is fabricated. It is for that reason, continually engaged in the process of communication and dialogue making, sprouting through the unremarkable life experiences of womenfolk.

In order to provide marketing competence for Agriculture produce in general and Horticulture in particular at the thresholds of the growers, the various platforms, schemes, and programmes have to be introduced by way of creating as many terminal fruit & vegetable markets as possible which are well-designed and useful in order to carry out the trade in these markets smoothly.  Marketing and export of Kashmiri Walnut should be through an organization in order to control and improve marketing and walnut export prices. Furthermore, the functioning of these organizations is to be improved by providing proper marketing facilities, infrastructure, and competent team. Farmers should form an organization among themselves with the support of government and NGO’s so that they can ensure rational, judicious and fair information about the market state of affairs.  Development of international walnut enterprises in major walnut exporting countries is an example of such a step in recent years. Same should be developed in our state. With the help of walnut organizations, who should be directed by the members of government and walnut experts and scientists, we may attain a harmonious system in production, packaging, distribution, and exports of walnut.

Aristotle proceeds a scientific approach to poetry, which has pros as well as cons. He views poetry as a natural phenomenon, with observations and analysis first, and then makes tentative hypotheses and commendations. His notion of mimesis helps in the explanation of what is characteristic and distinct about our experience and understanding of art. Poetry is imitative, thereby meaning that it invites us to envisage its subject-matter as factual and genuine while admitting that it is, in fact, imaginary and illusory. On contrasting poetry with philosophy, Aristotle’s concern was not that poetry is mimetic because it portrays what is real while philosophy is non-mimetic because it portrays only ideas. Rather, the point which he highlighted is that the ideas discussed in philosophical texts are as real as any ideas ever are. When we go through Aristotle’s thoughts, philosophies and ideas on art, we get directly connected with the ideas, and there is nothing more real to imagine.
We do not call the police force or crime squad when we see an actor killing another actor on stage because we know that we are not seeing a real event but only two actors imitating real-world likelihoods. Since we are aware of the mimesis involved in art, we are standing apart enough that we can reflect on what we are experiencing and so learn from it. Countersigning a murder in real life is emotionally scarring but witnessing a murder on stage gives us a chance to reflect on the nature and causes of human violence so that we can lead a deeper, thoughtful contemplative and sensitive life.
Aristotle insists on the importance and superiority of poetry in general and plots in particular because the plot is in the long run what we can learn from a piece of art. The plot of a story, as the term is used in the Poetics, is not the arrangement of events so much as the logical relationships that exist between events. For Aristotle, the close-fitted or tighter the logical relationships between events, the better the plot or art. The logical relationships between events in a story help us to observe logical relationships between the events in our own lives. In principle or spirit, Aristotle’s poetry shows us designs and patterns in human experience that we can then use to make sense of our own experience.

One of the major problems of Indian economy is the uncertainty of agricultural production since agriculture is still a gamble in the monsoons. Since independence, there has been a considerable increase in the production of the agricultural sector and after the wave of green revolution wheat production touched heights. In spite of the spectacular growth in agricultural production, food grains output has been fluctuating from year after year. Green revolution no doubt increased food production but the main question which is still open is will it curb instability or give a push to it. Many economists tried to answer it like Mehra (1981), Hazell (1982), Mahendra Dev (1987), Larson & Ray (2004), and yet the conclusion were not convincing, so, there is still a big research gap on this issue. It is widely acknowledged that the growth rate in food grain output in India seems to have improved because of the impact of new technology. However, the impact of new technology on instability (year-to-year variations in food grain output) has not been quite clear and has remained a matter of concern. During a decade since the adoption of new technology (green revolution) the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of production of all the crop aggregates increased as compared with the pre-green revolution period. Instability of output of agriculture also results in causing instability in the related sectors. For example, a fall in the production of jute causes a small availability of raw material for the textile industry. Likewise, a cut-back in agricultural production also results in the reduction of employment in agriculture and this, in turn, reduces aggregate demand in the economy as the purchasing power of the cultivator falls. Thus, a major development issue for the Indian economy is to devise a strategy of agricultural development which can reduce instability and promise a steady growth of agricultural output (Dutt & Sundharam, 2006).
Capital formation is very crucial for economic growth (Classicals) which is to say that higher savings and investments in an economy will promote growth in all the sectors. Economists have emphasized on the role of capital formation in promoting agricultural growth rate and reducing poverty by arguing that with more capital in place, policy objectives of government for reducing poverty and ensuring food security can be met by stimulating public investment in the concerned sectors. This, in turn, would not only help in achieving stated policy targets but would also indirectly fuel growth for the agricultural sector in the economy. But, it does not mean that we have to use capital unnecessarily. It is of very vital importance that the pattern of investment should be so designed that agriculture should not be neglected in the policy making. Certain areas such as defense equipments, heavy and engineering industries etc. should be permitted to use capital-intensive technology but as far as agriculture goods are concerned we must emphasize upon labour-absorbing technologies with judicious doses of capital. The objective of expansion of agriculture production and productivity in harmony with the fulfillment of full employment level of the economy is a necessary as well as sufficient condition for the overall development of Indian economy.

While we would welcome the process of globalisation, we need to reinforce our own institutions of higher education. It is appropriate that they not only teach the modern education which brushes up the intelligence or supplements nostalgia and memory, but they should also concentrate on the enrichment of human civilizations and human personality.  It is very important to understand the interface between globalization and higher education for it will help in the development of “persons with a seeing eye and understanding heart” (William Hazlitt). In the world of globalization, achieving excellence in education and maintenance of quality education is a challenge. Higher education is important and it cannot be ignored because it plants an ineffaceable stamp on the future of an individual and jointly on the future of a state. With competition coupled with Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization and to meet the new challenges of the 21st century higher education should be radically transformed. It is essential for India to set up a series of educational institutions which are accredited and satisfactory at the global level. Infrastructure drives development and therefore, we should also keep in mind that excellence in different sectors of an economy, particularly the education sector can come only from quality teachers and quality infrastructure. Colleges and universities can work in partnership and develop consortiums so as to generate knowledge hubs for creating and proliferating knowledge and endorse innovations.

There is a need to thoroughly and scientifically review and identify the policy intermediations that improve education quality and student learning at the elementary levels. We need to depend on a theory of alteration and for that matter, we need to understand the main drivers of the improvements in the quality of education at elementary level. The supply-side competence contributions need to be put up that function through the provision of better infrastructure, particularly, human capital, and social capital. The efficiency wage hypothesis argues that incentives and rewards increase the productivity or efficiency. It should be adopted in our education system for both students as well as for teachers because it will increase their productivity levels. Besides, the programmes, policies and plans through rewards and incentives seek to influence the behavior and inter-temporal likings and inclinations of teachers, parents and students. The inductive or bottom-up and deductive or top-down participating and community management intrusions, which activate through the principles of decentralization and its allied reforms, transmission of skills and knowledge, and augmented community participation in the organization and management of education systems must be adopted (Masino & Zarazua, 2015).
Immense stress should be given right from KG classes at words, spellings, meanings, pronunciation, writing, dictation, and reading etc. so that fundamentals of learning become strong which will make the students able to read and write properly. There is a need to thoroughly and scientifically review and identify the policy intermediations that improve education quality and student learning at elementary levels. It is very important to note that the inputs and efforts are effective only when policy changes are coupled with community participation, rewards and social capital. We can improve learning outcomes when social norms and inter-temporal varieties and selections are factored in the strategy of education plans and policies (Masino & Zarazua, 2015), and when we integrate technology with classroom.  As education is an unending process and the knowledge acquisition and skill upgradation for its solicitation and application are not static but parts of a dynamic and lively process, there is a need to make schools dynamic and lively with good interaction among all the parties involved in the teaching-learning process.
Special training programmes must be developed for teachers teaching at an elementary level. Division of labour is the separation of tasks in a system so that actors or participants may specialize. Economic growth is the pivotal point of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (1776). Economic Growth for Smith is rooted in increasing division of labour and specialization. In any Modern Education system there is an increasing emphasis on specialization and the division of labour. Subject specialist teachers must be allocated against specific subject posts. For example, P.G. in English must be posted for teaching English, P.G. in History must be posted for teaching History, P.G. in Chemistry must be posted for teaching Chemistry and so on and so forth. This will definitely enhance the quality of education and bring specialization in an economy in general and education in particular.

The million dollar worth question is why on earth the societies have wide-ranging starring roles. One possible factor why societies have such a wide range of roles in a social structure is because of the division of labour or specialization which is very important in the production process (Khaldun, 1958). In Plato’s Republic, the starting point for the state lies in the natural inequity of humankind, which is rooted in the division of labour (Daniel, 2010). For a smooth functioning of a society so as to keep it going there are varied jobs that need to be attended. We need to divide up the work so that hefty parts of it could be done by people with no exhaustive and extensive skills and training (William Petty). Basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, shelter, nurturing of kids, etc., have to be fulfilled and attended too. In almost all societies there is a resemblance and closeness of the division of labour. It is very easy to impart and communicate with a group of people to fix or prepare a certain job than demonstrate or teach everyone to do the job. We find the division of labour on the basis of gender in almost all societies. For example in the ancient societies or pre-historic times, menfolk used to hunt, while as womenfolk used to take care of children. As the society moves from traditional to modern, it becomes larger and more complex and the division of labour becomes more intricate. Each job can be supposed of a social role that has a specific set of expectations that must be met. Furthermore, in large multifaceted and intricate societies, each of these social roles is correlated in some manner to other occupations and status so that the whole social structure functions as a symbiotic, mutually dependent, and mutually supporting status/roles. As a consequence, the social structure becomes a system of roles that divides labour into specialized tasks which becomes a motivating force for trade and commerce, all of which are self-governing, autonomous, and self-regulating. In addition to two essential rudiments cum features of social structure that is social stratification and division of labour which interprets itself into noticeable and obvious behavior such as roles and their corresponding statuses in society, societies also function through various organizations which rotate around some of the fundamentals of society, such as procurement of food, maintaining a family, maintaining law and order, etc.
Since the inception of a renaissance, an enquiry into the nature and cause of social stratification has been an important focus of social thought. If we understand the true nature and cause of social stratification we can maintain the interface among stratification, a division of labour, and specialization.  Functional perspective is an outlook which highlights that society is a system with mutually dependent and supporting parts that function to generate equilibrium or stability. We need to understand the connections among social stratification, a division of labour, and specialization from the functional point of view. If we are successful in understanding the interface among stratification, a division of labour, and specialization we can improve productivity and efficiency levels in the society.

The study identified the marketing channels involved in the marketing of saffron and revealed grower preference to various marketing channels. Furthermore, it found that the choice of marketing channel depends on income of the saffron grower. The primary data was collected from the respondents (201 saffron growers, 6 dalals and local traders, 17, retailers/wholesalers and 5 firms) in the three selected villages of Pampore namely Letpora, Ledhu and Konibal based on interview schedule framed in accordance with the objectives of the study. Proportional sampling framework was followed for selecting the respondents of the study. The chi-square test for association has been used to find the relationship between two categorical variables which in case of present study is income and channel.